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Kiribati

Republic of Kiribati, is an island nation located in the central tropical Pacific Ocean. It comprises 32 atolls and one raised coral island dispersed over 3,500,000 square kilometres (1,351,000 square miles) straddling the equator and bordering the International Date Line to the east. The name Kiribati is the local variant of "Gilberts", derived from Kiribati's pre-independence name, the Gilbert Islands.
Kiribati was inhabited by a single Micronesian ethnic group that spoke the same Oceanic language for 2,000 years before coming into contact with Europeans. The islands were first sighted by British and American ships in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The islands were named the Gilbert Islands in 1820 by a Russian admiral, Adam von Krusenstern, and French captain Louis Duperrey, after a British captain, Thomas Gilbert, who crossed the archipelago in 1788.

The first British settlers arrived in 1837. In 1892, the Gilbert Islands became a British protectorate together with the nearby Ellice Islands. The Gilbert and Ellice Islands became a Crown colony in 1916. Kiritimati (Christmas Island) became a part of the colony in 1919 and the Phoenix Islands were added in 1937.

Tarawa Atoll and others of the Gilbert group were occupied by Japan during World War II. Tarawa was the site of one of the bloodiest battles in U.S. Marine Corps history when Marines landed in Nov. 1943, the Battle of Tarawa was fought at Kiribati's former capital Betio on Tarawa Atoll.

The Gilbert Islands and Ellice Islands gained self-rule in 1971, and were separated in 1975 and granted internal self-government by Britain. In 1978, the Ellice Islands became the independent nation of Tuvalu, and Kiribati's independence followed on July 12, 1979. In a treaty signed shortly after independence and ratified in 1983, the United States relinquished all claims (previously asserted under the Guano Act) to the sparsely inhabited Phoenix Islands and those of the Line Islands that are part of Kiribati territory.

Overcrowding has been a problem, and in 1988 it was announced that 4,700 residents of the main island group would be resettled onto less populated islands. In 1994, Teburoro Tito was elected president. Kiribati's 1995 act of moving the international date line far to the east to encompass Kiribati's Line Islands group, so that it would no longer be divided by the date line, courted controversy. The move, which fulfilled one of President Tito's campaign promises, was intended to allow businesses all across the expansive nation to keep the same business week. This also enabled Kiribati to become the first country to see the dawn of the third millennium AD, an event of significance for tourism. Tito was reelected in 1998. In 1999, Kiribati gained UN membership.

In 2002, Kiribati passed a controversial law enabling the government to shut down newspapers. The legislation followed the launching of Kiribati's first successful non-government-run newspaper. President Tito was reelected in 2003, but in March 2003, he was removed from office by a no-confidence vote, and replaced by a Council of State. Anote Tong of the opposition party, Boutokaan Te Koaua, was elected to succeed Tito in July 2003.

Some of the islands of Kiribati, especially in the remote Line Islands, were formerly used by the United States and Great Britain for nuclear testing. According to Kiribati: A People's History, the testing sites for many of the new hydrogen bombs in the 1960s were in what is now Kiribati.

Politics

Politics of Kiribati

The Kiribati Constitution, promulgated July 12, 1979, provides for free and open elections. The executive branch consists of a president (te Beretitenti), a vice president and a cabinet (the president is also chief of the cabinet and has to be MP). Under the constitution, the president, nominated from among the elected legislators, is limited to three four-year terms. The cabinet is composed of the president, vice president, and 10 ministers (appointed by the president) who are members of the House of Assembly.

The legislative branch is the unicameral "Maneaba Ni Maungatabu" (House of Assembly). It has elected members, including by constitutional mandate a representative of the Banaban people in Fiji (Rabi Island, former Ocean Islanders), in addition to the attorney general, who serves as an ex-officio member. Legislators serve for a four-year term.

The constitutional provisions governing administration of justice are similar to those in other former British possessions in that the judiciary is free from governmental interference. The judicial branch is made up of the High Court (in Betio) and the Court of Appeal. The president appoints the presiding judges.

Local government is through island councils with elected members. Local affairs are handled in a manner similar to town meetings in colonial America. Island councils make their own estimates of revenue and expenditure and are generally free from central government controls.

Kiribati has formal political parties but their organization is quite informal. Ad hoc opposition groups tends to coalesce around specific issues. Today, the only recognizable parties are the Maneaban te Mauri Party and the National Progressive Party. There is universal suffrage at age 18.

The Presidency and the Cabinet

Kiribati is a Republic within the Commonwealth. The President (Beretitenti) is the Head of State as well as the Head of Government and is elected nationally. Candidates for the position of President are chosen by the elected members of the House of Assembly (Maneaba ni Maungatabu) from a minimum of three and maximum of four nominated members. The Beretitenti is required to notify the Speaker in order to resign or when a matter before the Maneaba raises an issue of confidence.

The President appoints his or her own Cabinet. Cabinet comprises the President, Vice-President, not more than twelve ministers selected from the members of the Maneaba ni Maungatabu and the Attorney-General. The Cabinet exercises executive powers.

The Legislative Assembly

Kiribati has a unicameral parliament which is known as the Maneaba ni Maungatabu. It's members are elected by universal adult suffrage for a four year term. Two additional members, one nominated by the Rabi Council of Leaders (Fiji) and the Attorney General as an ex-officio member, make the present parliament of 46 (2007 elections). The Speaker, who is responsible for running the House of Assembly, is not a member of parliament.

An Electoral Commission is required under the Constitution to review the make-up of the Maneaba ni Maungatabu at intervals of not more than four years. The Commission makes recommendations to Parliament regarding the number of electoral districts, boundaries and number of elected members in each district. Parliament may accept or reject the recommendations as it sees fit. The number of representatives per district is determined by a formula recommended by the Electoral Commission and approved by Parliament. Based on a 2007 recommendation of the Electoral Commission which was approved by Parliament, it was recommended that an increase to two members would be made each for islands with a population ranging from 1500 to 5000. Islands with populations of 1500 and under would retain one representative while those exceeding 5000 would be eligible for three candidates respectively. Due to population increases, the number of elected representatives was increased to 36 prior to the 1982 election , to 39 in 1987, 40 in 1990, 41 in 2003 and to 44 in 2007.

According to the Constitution and the Election Ordinance of 1977, to become a member of Maneaba ni Maungatabu an individual must be a qualified elector, have attained 21 years of age and not hold or act in any office, the functions of which involve the conduct of any election or the compilation or revisions of any electoral register. He/she must be neither a public officer nor owe allegiance to a foreign state or power.

Any person who is qualified and wishes to stand for election must fill in a nomination form which is available from electoral offices. A candidate must be nominated by three people who are registered electors in the district for which the candidate is standing. The nomination paper will be invalid if it is not in the correct form or is filled in incorrectly. The nomination can also be invalidated if one of the nominators has nominated more than one candidate.

The seat of an elected member of the Maneaba ni Maungatabu will become vacant on a dissolution of the Maneaba , if the member resigns, is recalled, dies, is sentenced by a court in any part of the Commonwealth to death or to imprisonment and serves any part of such a sentence or imprisonment, or is found not qualified as an elector or candidate. Provision exists for a sitting member to be recalled and dismissed on petition by 51 per cent of his or her constituency.

The Maneaba ni Maungatabu sits for three periods of approximately six weeks each year. The proceedings of Parliament are broadcast live over Radio Kiribati. Recorded tapes of the Parliamentary sessions are also provided to staff in the Maneaba from which transcripts are made and a publication produced called the Report of the Proceedings of the Maneaba ni Maungatabu (or Hansard). Since Independence the Report has been produced in the Kiribati language.

The Speaker

The role and powers of the Speaker of the Maneaba ni Maungatabu are provided for in the Constitution , the Rules of Procedure and the Privileges, Immunities and Powers of the Maneaba Ni Maungatabu Act of 1986. The Speaker is not an elected member and therefore has no casting vote when the Maneaba comes into a decision on any matter. When votes on a motion are equally divided, the Speaker declares it lost. He does however have a very important role to play in the conduct of the business of the Maneaba and is very much respected by its members and the public.

The Speaker is elected by the members of the Maneaba Ni Maungatabu at its first sitting after a general election. The session is presided over by the Chief Justice and begins with the members taking their oath of office. The Chief Justice then calls for nominations for Speaker. If there are two candidates, an election is conducted by secret ballot, in which a candidate must receive an absolute majority of the votes cast in order to be elected. If there are more than two candidates and no one receives a majority of the votes on the first ballot, then successive ballots are held in which half the candidates are eliminated each time until there are only two candidates remaining. The winning candidate is declared as Speaker by the Chief Justice, takes his oath of office forthwith in front of members of the Maneaba and then takes the Chair.

The term of office of the Speaker continues after the dissolution of the Maneaba Ni Maungatabu and following a general election. It ends on the day the new Maneaba first meets. The Speaker can resign from office at any time by announcing it to the Maneaba or by issuing a notice in writing address to the Maneaba. The Maneaba Ni Maungatabu may dismiss the Speaker by passing a resolution which is supported by at least two-thirds of all members. The Speaker may be re-elected.

The Speaker decides the place and time for meetings of the Maneaba including the first meeting after a general election. He can be asked to summon the Maneaba Ni Maungatabu by the Beretitenti or one third of the members. When the Maneaba sits, the Speaker's decision on a point of order is final. He is fully entitled to regulate the conduct of business in all matters not provided in the Rules of Procedure. He has the specific power to decide whether a bill or a motion pertains to money matters, which then requires a minister's signification. He may adjourn a sitting if there is no quorom after an objection is raised by a member.

Jointly with the Chief Justice, the Speaker advises the Maneaba Ni Maungatabu on the appointment and removal of the Chairman and members of the Public Services Commission. The Speaker receives notification from a member of the Maneaba of the resignation of his/her seat and sends to the Electoral Commission petitions calling for the removal of elected members. The Speaker receives annual reports from the Director of Audit and lays them on the table for consideration. The Chairman of the Public Service Commission consults with the Speaker on the appointments of the Salaries Tribunal for the members of the Maneaba. The Speaker also has the power to apply to the High Court to determine questions as to the interpretation of the Constitution.

The Speaker, along with the Chairman of the Public Service Commission, who is Chairman and the Chief Justice, is a member of the Council of State. The purpose of the Council is to perform the duties of the Beretitenti and other executive functions of Government when a motion of no confidence in the Beretitenti or the Government is supported in the (Maneaba Ni Maungatabu).

The electoral system

With the exception of persons certified insane or under a prison sentence of 12 months or more, all citizens of Kiribati who have attained the age of 18 years and have resided within an electoral district for a continuous period of 12 months are entitled to be registered as 'electors' or voters for elections.

Under Section 62 of the Constitution overall responsibility for supervising elections in Kiribati is vested in an Electoral Commission consisting of a Chief Electoral Commissioner and not less than two or more than four commissioners, appointed by the Beretitenti on the advice of the Cabinet. The Chief Justice is involved in the supervision of the election of the Beretitenti. Under section 63 of the Constitution, the Electoral Commission is also responsible for reviewing and making recommendations to the Maneaba ni Maungatabu for approval on the number and boundaries of electoral districts and the number of elected members in the Maneaba ni Maungatabu. Under Sections 4 of the Elections Ordinance, the carrying out of administrative arrangements and the conduct of elections is vested in the Chief Electoral Office, who is at present appointed by the Minister of Home Affairs. The Chief Electoral Officer in turn appoints electoral officers and assistant electoral officers for each electoral district. These officers assist in the registration of voters and the actual conduct of the elections. The main reason why the Ministry of Home Affairs deals with elections is administrative convenience.

The Chief Electoral Officer also holds the post of Senior Assistant Secretary in the Ministry and is able, therefore, to mobilise the required personnel, transport and equipment of the Department of Local Government, which also comes under the Ministry of Home Affairs. The island council clerks, who are appointed by the Chief Electoral Officer as electoral officers, also come under the Department of Local Government.

Voting

Each ward in all electoral districts has its own register as a voter must apply in person to the electoral officer in the district in which he/she resides to have his/her name recorded. No one is allowed to register in more than one ward. Times for the opening and closing of the registers are announced and published in every ward. In some districts electoral officers may take the registers to the public in order to facilitate the registration process.

Only those people who are registered can vote in an election. Voting hours are between 7am and 6pm on the date appointed by the Electoral Commission. In order to vote, an elector must present himself/herself to the presiding officer at the polling station in his/her ward. If the presiding officer is satisfied that such person is the one named in the Register, a ballot paper will be issued and advice given regarding how many candidates to vote for and how to mark the ballot paper. In multi-seat districts, an elector may cast votes for up to the full number of vacant seats available or less, if he/she so chooses. Voters mark their ballot papers individually inside a screened area and drop them inside a sealed ballot box provided.

The counting of votes takes place as soon as possible after the close of voting. The electoral officer in each district collects the ballot boxes from all wards and with the assistance of appointed counters should immediately and continuously count the votes until the results have been attained. At the end of the counting, the electoral officer publishes the results. Valid and invalid ballot papers are recorded and sealed separately and sent along with statements to the Chief Electoral Officer in Tarawa.

Run-off election

A candidate for the Maneaba ni Maungatabu will be declared elected in the first round of voting if he/she has received over half the number of valid votes cast. If no candidate has over half, then there must be a run-off election, which is normally held within a week of the first election. In the run-off election only the top candidates from the first election appear on the ballot. In a district with 3 seats vacant, the top five candidates from the first election will go into the run-off election. In a constituency with two seats vacant, the top four candidates will contest the run-off. The same applies for a three-seat constituency in which one candidate has already succeeded in winning more than half the valid votes cast in the first elections and has, therefore, been declared elected. In single seat constituencies, the top three candidates contest the run-off.

Election of the Berentitenti

Nominations for candidates for the presidential election are made in the Maneaba ni Maungatabu from amongst its members. The law requires that there must be at least three and no more than four candidates. If there are more than four nominations, voting takes place among the members by secret ballot. There shall be two rounds of voting in which each member shall cast not more than a vote from among the candidates, and a member who is in the ballot may vote for himself. Any dispute arising out of or in connection with the election shall be determinded by the Speaker, whose decision is final. When voting in the first round has been completed, the Speaker shall declare or cause to be declared the result of the voting in that first round and the two candidates with the greatest number of votes shall be duly nominated. The Speaker shall then call for a second round of voting exempting the two candidates with the greatest number of votes in the first round from the ballot but not from taking part in the vote. At the completion of voting in the second round, the Speaker shall declare or cause to be declared the result of the voting in that second round and the two candidates with the greatest number of votes shall be duly nominated. If an equality of votes is found to exist between any members in the ballot, the Speaker shall order any further ballot that he thinks necessary, and the procedure at any further ballot shall be in accordance with this section.

Political parties

There are three political parties in Kiribati, Boutokaan Te Koaua (BTK), Maneaban Te Mauri Party (MMP) and Maurin Kiribati Party (MKP). The parties are loose groupings rather than disciplined blocks, with little or no structure. Members may change allegiance on a number of occasions during their tenure. It is also common for members to vote according to the special interests of their electorate on certain issues.

Administrative divisions

Districts of Kiribati

Kiribati was formally divided into districts until its independence. The country is now divided into three island groups which have no administrative function, including a group that unites the Line and the Phoenix islands (ministry at London, Christmas). Each inhabited island has its own council (3 councils on Tarawa: Betio, South-Tarawa, North-Tarawa; 2 councils on Tabiteuea). The original districts used to be:

* Banaba
* Central Gilberts
* Line Islands
* Northern Gilberts
* Southern Gilberts
* Tarawa Atoll

The island groups include:

* Gilbert Islands
* Phoenix Islands
* Line Islands

Four of the former districts (including Tarawa) lie in the Gilbert Islands, where most of the country's population lives. Only three of the Line Islands are inhabited. The Phoenix Islands are uninhabited except for Kanton, and have no representation. Banaba itself is sparsely inhabited now. There is also a non-elected representative of the Banabans on Rabi Island in the nation of Fiji. Each of the 21 inhabited islands has a local council that takes care of the daily affairs. Tarawa Atoll has three councils: Betio Town Council, Te Inainano Urban Council (for the rest of South Tarawa) and Eutan Tarawa Council (for North Tarawa).

Foreign relations

General relations

Kiribati was admitted as the 186th member of the United Nations in September 1999.

Regional relations

Kiribati maintains cordial relations with most countries and has close relations with its Pacific neighbors, Japan, Australia and New Zealand; the latter three provide the majority of the country's foreign aid. Taiwan and Japan also have specified-period licenses to fish in Kiribati's waters.

In November 1999, it was announced that Japan's National Space Development Agency planned to lease land on Kiritimati (Christmas Island) for 20 years on which to build a spaceport. The agreement stipulated that Japan was to pay $840,000 (US Dollars) per year and would also pay for any damage to roads and the environment. A Japanese-built downrange tracking station operates on Kiritimati and an abandoned airfield on the island was designated as the landing strip for a proposed reusable unmanned space shuttle called HOPE-X. HOPE-X was eventually canceled by Japan in 2003, however.

Geography

Geography of Kiribati

Kiribati consists of about 32 atolls and one island (Banaba), with at least three in each hemisphere. The groups of islands are:

* Banaba: an isolated island between Nauru and the Gilbert Islands.
* Gilbert Islands: 16 atolls located some 930 miles (1,500 km) north of Fiji
* Phoenix Islands: 8 atolls and coral islands located some 1,100 miles (1,800 km) southeast of the Gilberts
* Line Islands: 8 atolls and one reef, located about 2,050 miles (3,300 km) east of the Gilberts.

Banaba (or Ocean Island) is a raised-coral island that was once a rich source of phosphates, but it was mostly mined out before independence. The rest of the land in Kiribati consists of the sand and reef rock islets of atolls or coral islands that rise but a few meters (at most 6.5 feet) above sea level. The soil is thin and calcareous, making agriculture very difficult. Kiritimati (Christmas Island) in the Line Islands is the world's largest atoll. Based on a 1995 realignment of the International Date Line, Kiribati is now the easternmost country in the world, and was the first country to enter into the year 2000 at Caroline Island, which, not coincidentally, has been renamed Millennium Island.

According to the South Pacific Regional Environment Program, two small uninhabited Kiribati islets, Tebua Tarawa and Abanuea, disappeared underwater in 1999. The islet of Tepuka Savilivili (Tuvalu; not a Gilbertese name) no longer has any coconut trees due to salination. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about half a meter (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable. It is thus likely that within a century the nation's arable land will become subject to increased soil salination and will be largely submerged.

Economy
Some of the Kiribati islands in the Gilbert group.
Some of the Kiribati islands in the Gilbert group.

Economy of Kiribati

Kiribati has few natural resources. Commercially viable phosphate deposits were exhausted at the time of independence. Copra and fish now represent the bulk of production and exports. Tourism provides more than one-fifth of GDP.

Foreign financial aid, largely from the United Kingdom and Japan, is a critical supplement, equal in recent years to 25% to 50% of GDP. Agriculture accounts for 12.4% of GDP and 71% of labour; industry 0.9% of GDP and 1.9% of labour; trade 18.5% of GDP and 4.1% of labour; commercial trade 5.7% of GDP and 1.4% of labour; and service industries 5.7% of GDP and 1.4% of labour. The main export and import countries are Australia, USA, France, Japan, Hong Kong and Germany.

Balance of payments

Kiribati's narrow export base and its enormous need for imports contribute to the country’s large deficit in the merchandise trade balance. However, the country has several sources of external income, including fishing license fees, investment income, seamen’s remittances, and external grants. These inflows are usually more than sufficient to finance the large trade deficit. As a result, Kiribati’s current account balance has been in surplus most of the time in the past decade. International reserves have remained at around US$300 million since 2001.

Demographics

Demographics of Kiribati

The native people of Kiribati are called "i-Kiribati." The word "Kiribati" is the local spelling of the word "Gilbert" and the original name of this British colony was the Gilbert Islands. In 1979 when independence was gained, the indigenous format of the name was adopted.

Ethnically, the i-Kiribati are Micronesians, and recent archeological evidence indicates that Austronesians originally settled the islands thousands of years ago. Around the 14th century, Fijians and Tongans invaded the islands thus complicating the ethnic range, and there are also people of Polynesian ancestry further diversifying the ethnic typologies. Intermarriage among all ancestral groups, however, has led to a population reasonably homogeneous in appearance and traditions.

The people of Kiribati speak a Micronesian dialect called Gilbertese, although English is the official language. English is not used very often outside the island capital of Tarawa. It is more likely that English is mixed in its use with Gilbertese. Older generations of I-Kiribati tend to use more complicated versions of the language.

Christianity is the major religion, having been introduced by missionaries in the 19th century. The population is predominantly Roman Catholic, although a substantial portion of the population is Congregationalist Protestant. Many other Protestant denominations, including more evangelical types, are also represented, and the Bahá'í religion also exists in Kiribati, along with Jehovah's Witnesses and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), the latter numbering about 2,000.

Human rights
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Kiribati is a constitutional multiparty republic. The government of Kiribati works to respect the civil and human rights of its citizens. There are only a few areas in which problems remain, but the law provides effective means of addressing individual complaints . Some limits on the freedoms of press and speech, and a few incidences of extrajudicial communal justice have been reported.

Human development

The population of Kiribati has a life expectancy at birth of 60 years (57 for males, and 63 for females) and an infant mortality rate of 54 deaths per 1,000 live births.

The people of Kiribati mostly live in villages with populations between 50 and 3,000 on the outer islands. Most houses are made of materials obtained from coconut and pandanus trees. Frequent droughts hinder reliable large-scale agriculture, so the islanders have largely turned to the sea for livelihood and subsistence. Most are outrigger sailors and fishers. Copra plantations serve as a second source of employment. In recent years, large numbers of citizens have moved to the more urban island capital of Tarawa.

To increase opportunities for the islanders, the government has placed greater emphasis on education. Primary education is free and compulsory for the first six years, now being extended to nine years. Mission schools are slowly being absorbed into the government primary school system. Higher education is expanding; students may seek technical, teacher or marine training, or study in other countries. To date, most choosing to do the latter have gone to Fiji.

Culture

Culture of Kiribati

Songs (te anene) and above all dances (te mwaie) are held in high regard.

Music

Kiribati folk music is generally based around chanting or other forms of vocalizing, accompanied by body percussion. Public performances in modern Kiribati are generally performed by a seated chorus, accompanied by a guitar. However, during formal performances of the standing dance (Te Kaimatoa) or the hip dance (Te Buki) a wooden box is used as a percussion instrument. This box is constructed so as to give a hollow and reverberating tone when struck simultaneously by a chorus of men sitting around it. Traditional songs are often love-themed, but there are also competitive, religious, children's, patriotic, war and wedding songs . There are also stick dances (which accompany legends and semi-historical stories . These stick dances or 'tirere' (pronounced seerere) are only performed during major festivals.

See also: Music of Kiribati

Dance

The uniqueness of Kiribati when compared with other forms of pacific island dance is its emphasis on the outstretched arms of the dancer and the sudden birdlike movement of the head. The Frigate bird (Fregata minor) on the Kiribati flag refers to this bird-like style of Kiribati dancing. Most dances are in the standing or sitting position with movement limited and staggered. Smiling whilst dancing is generally considered vulgar within the context of Kiribati dancing. This is due to its origin of not being solely as a form of entertainment but as a form of storytelling and a display of the skill, beauty and endurance of the dancer.

See also: Dance in Kiribati

Outside perspectives

Arthur Grimble wrote about his time working in the British colonial service in Kiribati (then the Gilbert Islands) in the early 20th century in two popular books A Pattern of Islands (1952) and Return to the Islands (1957). He also undertook academic studies of Gilbertese culture.

J. Maarten Troost's more recent autobiographical experiences on the Tarawa Atoll are documented in his book The Sex Lives of Cannibals (2004).

Miscellaneous topics

* Communications in Kiribati
* Foreign relations of Kiribati
* Military of Kiribati
* Transportation in Kiribati
* Kiribati Scout Association
* List of islands belonging to Kiribati

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